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Review Article
Open Access
Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
- Zhen Cao1,2,3, Songzhan Chen1,2,3, Ruoyu Liu4,5, and Ruizhi Yang6
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View Affiliations Hide AffiliationsAffiliations: 1Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China; email: [email protected] 2Department of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 3Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China 4School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China 5Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China 6Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Vol. 73:341-363 (Volume publication date September 2023) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-112822-025357
- First published as a Review in Advance on July 24, 2023
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Copyright © 2023 by the author(s).This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information
Abstract
Ultra-high-energy (UHE, >0.1 PeV) γ-ray astronomy is rapidly evolving into an expanding branch of γ-ray astronomy with the surprising discovery of 12 PeVatrons and the detection of a handful of photons above 1 PeV. Nearly all known celestial object types that have emissions in the TeV band are found also to emit UHE photons. UHE γ-rays have a well-defined horizon inside our Galaxy due to the absorption of infrared and cosmic microwave backgrounds in the Universe. In the last 30 years, traditional cosmic ray (CR) measurement techniques have enabled the detection of UHE γ-rays and opened the last observation window. For leptonic sources, UHE radiation is in the deep Klein–Nishina regime, which is largely suppressed. Therefore, UHE γ-ray detection will be helpful in locating and identifying hadronic radiation sources, tracing the historic pursuit for the origin of CRs around the knee of the spectrum. The Crab Nebula is the focus of attention with measured photon emissions up to 1 PeV. In the absence of hadronic processes, these emissions may indicate the existence of an extreme accelerator of e+e−. Use of CR extensive air shower detection techniques broadens the field of view of the source observations, enabling measurement of UHE radiation surrounding the sources. These observations can probe the particle propagation inside and outside the accelerators and the subsequent injection/escape into the interstellar medium.
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